The Avoca and District Historical Society is dedicated to preserving, collecting and researching the history of Avoca, Victoria, and the surrounding district
On Friday 8 June 1917, the pupils of Lamplough State School marked Arbor Day by creating a lasting memorial to former pupils and teachers serving in the First World War. As the Avoca Mail reported:
A row of alternate sugar-gums and Cootamundra wattles was planted along the front of the school-ground in honor of ex-scholars who have volunteered to serve king and country. Two grevilleas or silky oaks were also planted in honor of two ex-teachers, Messrs Wrigley and Looney, who are taking their part in the great war. In every case Australian trees were planted, as these seem the most fitting memorial for Australian soldiers.
More than a century later, the sugar gums planted by the schoolchildren still stand along the former school frontage. They are among the few surviving living memorials to the district’s First World War servicemen and provide a direct link with the Arbor Day ceremony held in 1917.
The soldiers associated with Lamplough at the time of their enlistment included:
Walter Fish (1878-1915), formerly of Lamplough, was killed in action in the Dardanelles
Charles Alexander Gibson (1892–1934), who was still associated with Lamplough when he enlisted.
Today the surviving sugar gums remain a reminder of the schoolchildren’s efforts to honour their former classmates and teachers. Planted during the third year of the war, they continue to commemorate the service and sacrifice of those connected with the small Lamplough community.
Lamplough avenue of honour planted June 1917 photographed June 2026 Wattles are short-lived, and those planted with the avenue of sugar gums are no longer there. It would seem the grevilleas also did not survive.
The teacher at the time was Maurice Barton Isaac (1879-1949) who taught at Lamplough from 1916 to 1918.
Mary Anne Burgdorf (1858-1945) transferred to Lamplough State School No. 1239 from Serpentine State School No. 1233, where she had previously taught. She was appointed head teacher at Lamplough on 30 April 1891, remaining there until her transfer to Snake Valley State School No. 574 on 7 July 1902. Her teacher’s record provides an unusually detailed picture of her professional career during more than eleven years at Lamplough.
Her appointment began under difficult circumstances. Soon after taking charge at Lamplough Mary Anne Burgdorf received an official caution from the Education Department for administering corporal punishment to female pupils by pulling their ears. The Department warned that any repetition would be regarded as a serious breach of the regulations. In 1893 she was again censured for inflicting corporal punishment on a girl and received a second formal caution.
Despite these disciplinary matters, her earliest inspection reports were generally favourable. Inspector Rennick recorded in June 1891 that she had “gone vigorously to work” with the school, while later inspections noted that she had introduced good teaching methods. In June 1893 he described her as having “a good teaching style”, although he considered that she allowed rather too much freedom in pupil behaviour. Throughout 1894 her work continued to be assessed as fair.
The tone of the reports changed after Inspector Hamilton assumed responsibility for the district. From 1895 onwards his assessments became increasingly critical, focusing on school organisation, classroom management and her reluctance to adopt the newer educational methods being promoted by the Education Department. He considered that she gave insufficient attention to school management, possessed little skill in organisation and methods of instruction, and in August 1895 recommended that a special report be obtained at the next inspection, warning that unless there was radical improvement “it may be necessary to resort to severe measures.”
Hamilton acknowledged some improvement during 1896 and noted that examination results had improved, but his overall assessment remained guarded. By 1897 he considered her only moderately satisfactory, describing her as having fair capacity but lacking the system and organisation required for successful teaching.
His reports became progressively more severe in 1898 and 1899. He repeatedly described Mrs Burgdorf as “non-progressive”, criticised her for failing to keep pace with contemporary educational developments, and wrote that she was deficient in zeal and failed to make use of the abilities she possessed. In one of his strongest reports he concluded that she “does not devote herself to her pupils”, “lags behind present day improvements”, and that this was “not educationally beneficial to the children under her charge.”
By June 1899 Hamilton recommended that she “should be removed to another locality, and should be placed as an assistant.” Although she remained at Lamplough for a further three years, his subsequent reports continued to emphasise her lack of progress while acknowledging that she possessed fair ability and achieved fair results. Her final assessment before leaving Lamplough in 1902 concluded that her work was very good in some subjects, poor in others, and that overall she should be classed as “fair.”
Viewed in context, these reports reflect more than one inspector’s opinion of an individual teacher. During the 1890s the Victorian Education Department was introducing significant educational reforms, encouraging teachers to adopt more modern, child-centred methods in place of older, mechanical approaches. Hamilton’s repeated criticism that Mrs Burgdorf was “non-progressive” appears to reflect her reluctance or inability to adapt to these changing expectations while simultaneously carrying the considerable administrative responsibilities of a one-teacher rural school.
Following her transfer to Snake Valley State School No. 574 in July 1902, Mrs Burgdorf’s career took a markedly different course. Although initially appointed as Acting Head Teacher, the inspection reports soon show her working as an assistant teacher responsible for particular classes rather than the management of the whole school. The change appears to have suited her abilities. While inspectors continued to describe her teaching methods as “old-fashioned” or “mechanical”, they increasingly praised her diligence, sympathy with young children, and conscientious classroom teaching. Reports from 1909 onwards describe her as “resourceful”, “earnest”, “painstaking”, and a “good teacher”, noting her firm but sympathetic manner with children and the satisfactory standard achieved by her pupils. Although inspectors continued to encourage her to adopt more modern infant teaching methods, her later reports consistently rated her work as “Good”, representing a substantial improvement on the assessments received during her final years at Lamplough.
Mrs Burgdorf retired from the Education Department on 1 July 1915 after 42 years of service. She retired at the age of 56, having earned an average salary of £110 per annum, and received an annual pension of £77 6s. 8d. Her long career demonstrates both the challenges faced by teachers expected to manage isolated rural schools single-handedly and the changing educational expectations imposed by the Victorian Education Department during the late nineteenth century. While her years at Lamplough were marked by criticism of her management and teaching methods, her later service at Snake Valley suggests that she found her greatest success as a classroom teacher rather than as the sole teacher in charge of a small country school.
Lamplough School with shingle roof
This photograph of Lamplough State School No. 1239 has previously been undated and the teacher unidentified. The evidence now suggests that it was most likely taken about 1900, during the tenure of Mary Anne Burgdorf, who served as head teacher from April 1891 until her transfer to Snake Valley in July 1902.
The woman standing with the pupils is almost certainly Mary Anne Burgdorf (1858–1945), who was head teacher at Lamplough from 1891 until her transfer to Snake Valley in July 1902. A contemporary photograph of Mrs Burgdorf identified at Snake Valley State School about 1903 closely matches the teacher shown here. Together with the chronology of appointments and the apparent date of the photograph, this provides strong evidence that the Lamplough teacher is Mary Anne. The photograph was probably taken between 1898 and 1902, most likely about 1900.
The date is suggested by several factors, including the style of the children’s clothing, the condition of the school building, and Mary Anne Burgdorf’s period of service at Lamplough. While the photograph cannot yet be dated with certainty, the available evidence indicates that it was probably taken between 1898 and 1902, with about 1900 being the most likely date.
Research assistance: ChatGPT (OpenAI GPT-5.5) assisted with the transcription of handwritten teacher records, comparison of historical photographs, and preparation of draft summaries. All historical research, source selection and final interpretations are my own.
AVOCA TEACHER TRANSFERRED Mr. F. Wrigley, head teacher of the Lamplough State school, has received notice that he will be transferred to St. Kilda at an early date. During his residence here, Mr Wrigley, who hails from Smythesdale, has won the esteem of a large circle of friends. who will regret his departure from the district. As a townsman, he took a keen interest in all movements calculated to benefit the community. He was associated with every department of sport, and will be missed by all local clubs. Mr Wrigley is a talented musician and vocalist, and he always assisted cheerfully at entertainments on behalf of charity. For some time past he has capably officiated as conductor of the choir at the Methodist Church, Avoca.
A very successful concert was held at Lamplough in connection with the State school piano fund. There was a large attendance, and an excellent programme was provided. A good profit will be realised from the function
AVOCA. HEAD TEACHER'S ENLISTMENT Private O. Looney who occupied the position of head teacher at the Lamplough State School prior to his enlistment, was presented with a silver-mounted wallet by the children as a mark of esteem.
Arbor Day was celebrated at the Lamplough State School on Friday last. A row of alternate sugar-gums and Cootamundra wattles was planted along the front of the school-ground in honor of ex-scholars who have volunteered to serve king and country. Two grevilleas or silky oaks were also planted in honor of two ex-teachers, Messrs Wrigley and Looney, who are taking their part in the great war. In every case Australian trees were planted, as these seem the most fitting memorial for Australian soldiers.
(From our Correspondent) A pleasant evening was spent at Lamplough school last Friday. During the afternoon there were many visitors including Mr Jude, Labor, candidate for the Maryborough seat. The visitors greatly admired the display of flowers both in the school and outside in the garden. Roses made an excellent display. There was a particularly fine exhibit of Shirley poppies, For a little place like Lamplough the display showed that many of the residents are skilful and discerning gardeners. The evening show was well patronised and the total takings were close on £15,a result with which the workers have reason to be well pleased. The refreshment stall, in charge of Misses Gibson and Howell, was well patronized. Miss A. Allen's occasion. The flower stall, in charge of Mrs Isaac, did better trade than last year, the demand for pot plants.in bloom being greater than the supply. The Limerick competition was won by Mr H. F. Classon, Avoca, whose verse read:-
Old mother Hubbard sat on her cupboard Eating her curds and whey. She stuck in her thumb and pulled out a crumb While she wiled the time away.
Other good lines were- ‘To save for her meal next day’ and ‘For her poor dog Tray’ The bag of flour was won by Miss A. Brady.
AVOCA STATE SCHOOL ESSAYISTS. Two pupils of the Lamplough State school (Alf. Harbour and Chas. Curtis) have received hon. mention for an essay on "The Starling-Is he friend or Foe?" The competition was conducted under the auspices of the Gould League of Bird Lovers of Victoria.
CORPORAL FRED. WRIGLEY. News has been received by cable that Cpl. Fred Wrigley, son of Mrs Wrigley, sen., of Heatherbrae, Scarsdale was killed in action in France on 24th April. Cpl. Wrigley was on board the Ballarat when the vessel was torpedoed, and he wrote an interesting account of his experience. Prior to enlisting he was on the teaching staff of the Education Department, having at different periods been stationed at Pleasant street, Ballarat, Sebastopol, Scarsdale, Lamplough and St. Kilda. He was also well-known in Masonic circles, being a Past Master of one of the Ballarat Lodges. The late Cpl. Wrigley was also intimately associated with the Methodist Church, having occupied the position of organist at Scarsdale for a number of years, and afterwards at Avoca. Before leaving Australia he married Miss Nell Lusby, of Avoca. Another son of Mrs Wrigley, Capt. Hugh Wrigley, who was severely wounded at Pozieres, is still on active service, and is now stationed with Outram's Rifles, Calcutta. Cpl Wrigley's demise will be mourned by a large circle of friends, and it can truly be said of his life, "He liveth long who liveth well." The deepest sympathy is expressed on all sides with the relations in their sad bereavement.
The sad news was received on Saturday that Corporal Fred Wrigley had been killed in action in France. Corporal Wrigley, who was for some years in charge of the State school at Lamplough, was held in very high esteem throughout this district. He was an excellent vocalist and musician, and gave his services freely for church, patriotic, and charitable work. A gentleman of sterling character, Corporal Wrigley's death is deplored on all sides. Deep and sincere sympathy is felt for the young widow in her very sad bereavement.
Pre-enlistment studio portrait of 3168 Fred Rankin Wrigley, later Lance Corporal (L Cpl) 60th Battalion of Scarsdale, Victoria. A school teacher prior to enlisting, as Private Wrigley, 37th Battalion, he embarked from Melbourne aboard HMAT Ballarat (A70) on 19 February 1917. On 27 April 1918, he was killed in action near Villers-Bretonneux, France, aged 33. L Cpl Wrigley has no known grave and is remembered with honour on the Villers-Bretonneux Memorial, France. Just prior to his death, he was mentioned in despatches by Brigadier-General Elliott for his courage and devotion to duty during the advance on Villers-Bretonneux. In the collection of the Australian War Memorial
LAMPLOUGH. The Lamplough State school presented a very animated appearance last Friday, when a large crowd assembled. at the sale of gifts, in aid of the Repatriation Fund. The folks spent their money liberally, and a substantial profit was raised for the benefit of our. brave soldiers. In the evening a well-attended dance was held. Music was played by Mr GF Boughton and Mr P Turpin, whilst Mr J Curtis officiated as master of ceremonies. Mr A Ahpee contributed a song during the evening. The ladies provided an excellent supper. A tea cosy, donated by Miss A Allen, was won by Mr F. Richards.
SCHOOL EGG DAY. "Egg Day" at the Lamplough State School was a great success. Mr Chadwick (the teacher in charge) and the scholars collected 21 dozen eggs for the Amhurst Hospital.
COUNTRY NEWS. AVOCA. MERIT CERTIFICATES. The scholars at the Lamplough State school have done splendidly at the examinations. Five presented themselves, and they all passed as follows:- Merit certificates. Lorris Harvey and Lawrence Lindsay; qualifying certificates. Kathleen Lindsay, Isabel Morris, and James Elliott. The result reflects much credit on the teacher (Mr Chadwick), who takes a keen interest in the children
On 5th of February 1873, an application for a school at Lamplough was received from twelve parents with 35 children. Patrick Fogarty was the Correspondent. School began on 23rd of June 1873 in an old weatherboard store with iron roof and measuring 23ftx21ft. At first lent by (later leased from) Cartwright, it stood on the corner of Ballaarat and Amphitheatre Sts. The HT was William Bredel Matthews. DI [District Inspector of Schools] Bolam, 25th of June 1873, recommended leasing the building for £10 p.a., and advised that a site be obtained. One of 2 acres 11 chains 68 links from S angle of Allotment 4, Section 1, was gazetted on 12th of December 1873. On this, a wooden building 30ftx18ft with three skillion rooms attached was built by W. Ashley for £374 18s. Rent for the residence was £12 p.a. (reduced to £9 in 1878). The new school was first used on 1st of July 1875. NE [net enrolment] declined to 15 in 1902, and SS1239 was closed in July 1902, reopening part-time with SS1579 Homebush on 24th of January 1905: Lamplough resumed full-time on 8th of October 1908. NE in 1909 was 33 and in 1911, 35. Mrs J. Gibson was Correspondent of the first 1911 Committee. Reports in 1914 describe the building as being in very good condition. In February 1916 HT M.B. Isaac, occupied the residence which, prior to this, had been used as a shelter shed and play-house. Painting and repairs to the school and residence were carried out in 1925. In 1933, the residence, now unoccupied, was being used by passing tramps and left in a dirty condition. No. 1239 was closed on 20th of September 1949.
Lamplough School with shingle roof
Lamplough School with corrugated iron roof, ventilation and water tanks.
Avoca Shire Heritage Study 1864-1994 Volume 3
FILE No.: AD10 Lamplough State School 1239
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The Lamplough state school No. 1239 is a timber structure built in 1875. It has significance for its characteristic qualities, its associations and importance as a landmark. The school is characteristic of the small timber schools built as a combined school and teacher's residence by the Education Department from 1873 until 1890. It is one of the only buildings to survive in Lamplough, and it is viewed as a local landmark to which the identity of Lamplough is now attached.
HISTORY During the Lamplough goldrushes in late 1859, the population of the area was estimated at between 20,000 and 30,000. However by the 1870s Lamplough was a far smaller and more settled community of farmers and miners. The first school at Lamplough was established in response to an application from twelve Lamplough parents on behalf of thirty-five children early in 1873. The application was written by Patrick Fogarty who stated:
A school will be of the greatest benefit here, as there are many children receiving no instruction at all and are growing up in the greatest ignorance. The nearest schools to Lamplough are those at Avoca, Spring Flat and Lillicur, and these places are each four miles distant from us.
Classes were initially held in an old weatherboard store with an iron roof which stood on the corner of Ballarat and Amphitheatre Streets and which the Education Department leased from Mr Cartwright.
On 25 June 1873 the District Inspector, Mr Bolan, recommended that a site for a new school be obtained and the present site was gazetted on 12 December 1873. The new school was built by W Ashley for a cost of £374.18.0. It combined a residence and school room in a timber building, 30 feet x 18 feet, with three skillion rooms attached. The first classes in the new building were held on 1 July 1875.
As the population of the Lamplough area declined with the exhaustion of gold, the enrolment at the school also fell until by 1902 it stood at only fifteen. The school was closed in this year but opened part-time with the Homebush State school No. 1579 in January 1905. Lamplough resumed full-time on 8 October 1908, and in the following year boasted an enrolment of thirty-three.
In 1910 residents complained that the school roof was leaking and the windows and sashes were rotting and falling out. The repairs were done and reports in 1914 describe the school as being in very good condition. The attached residence was being used as a shelter shed and play-house until February 1916 when the head teacher, M B Isaac occupied the house. Painting and repairs were carried out to the school and residence in 1925 but by 1933 it was reported that the residence was again empty and was being used by passing tramps and left in a dirty condition. Miss Jess the last teacher at Lamplough, did not reside at the school but rode her bike to and from Avoca each day.
The Lamplough State school closed on 20 September 1949.
DESCRIPTION
The Lamplough school is a standard timber 60-type single room school with attached residence. From 1873 until 1890, 240 of this style in either the 40-type or 60-type with or without attached residents were built by the Education Department. In 1875 all were roofed in timber shingles.
The schoolroom is the standard gable roofed rectangular, weatherboard clad building with a small gable roofed porch facing the road and the gable roofed residence intersecting at right angles. The major items of decoration are the finials, barge boards and central timber wall vent. The two brick chimneys survive. The building appears to have been altered by the addition of an enlarged front window, probably replacing the original double hung window and the roofing of corrugated iron replacing or covering the original shingles. The existing paint scheme would appear to be that of the 1925 repainting.
The building is a substantially unaltered and the retention of the early colour scheme enhances its appearance. It is a good example of a characteristic building type.
Former pupils consistently recalled the quality of teaching at Avoca Lead despite the school’s small size. Andy McRae noted that examination results were regularly of a high standard and compared favourably with those of the larger Avoca School, although he felt that the frequent transfer of teachers was detrimental to the scholars. The recollections also reveal a succession of teachers with very different styles, ranging from the strict discipline of John Porter and John Dempster to the more encouraging approaches of Charles Forbes, Daniel O’Donoghue, Adeline Salary and Isabella Strachan.
Among the teachers remembered, John Porter and John Dempster were chiefly associated with discipline, while Charles Forbes was recalled for rewarding achievement with small prizes. Daniel O’Donoghue was remembered as a conscientious and capable teacher who combined firmness with humour and earned the respect of his pupils. Adeline Salary was remembered as kind and patient, while Isabella Laing Strachan (later Marsh), despite teaching at the school for only a few months in 1887, received the highest praise for her tact, ability and commitment to her pupils’ progress. More distant in memory was Alexander Hartshorn, the earliest teacher recalled by Joseph Burch, whose tenure ended with his dismissal for inebriation.
Sir,— I am sure the old scholars of this State not only recognise, but very much appreciate, tho opportunity offered by "The Age" of reviving those old school days which have for some long time been cast into oblivion.
I have longed to see some mention of the little school at Avoca Lead, No. 813. It was situated close to the Maryborough-road, about two miles from Avoca. Its presence has long since disappeared, and the school ground, which contained approximately four acres, is now under intense cultivation by Fred Marshall, whose wife (then Hannah Bowen) was a scholar at the school. She is still within a stone's throw of where she spent her school days, about 55 years ago. My first teacher was John Porter (also called "Spesy," on account of him wearing glasses); his disposition varied considerably, and he was very harsh with the senior scholars. Any minor act of insubordination was dealt with severely, and, although I was a child only at the time, I considered it unnecessary.
Mr. Porter's term was short as far as I was concerned, and next came John Dempster, with Bill McMahon as an understudy. He was a strict disciplinarian or martinet. Then after came Charles Forbes. Although he lisped a little, he tried his best to urge us on by giving small prizes to the most advanced scholars. Then came Daniel O'Donoghue, a real typical, figurative Irishman. He was a conscientious and able teacher, although severe, and he also added wit to his instruction. We liked him well.
As the attendance was rapidly diminishing, the days of the male pedagogue ended. The first lady teacher we had was Miss Adeline Salary, who had rather a short slay, and was a kind and patient teacher. Then came Miss Isabel L. Strahan, who was, I consider, one of the best teachers in the department. She had tact and ability. Nothing was any trouble to her as long as the scholars were progressing. We were all sorry when she got a move on. She appealed to me on two different occasions, after leaving this district, to take up a position in the metropolitan area, and, as circumstances alter cases, I unfortunately could not accept the offer. She was my last teacher, and although I was very young I was compelled to leave school and strike out and try and augment the family cupboard, as there then was no dole to fall back on.
At the back of the little school was a row of Chinamen's huts, and they looked like sentinels. The old scholars will probably remember them — Guy Fawkes, Cranky Jack, Coxon and Whistle-o-Konk and Luggs. What a bad time they used to got from the senior boys ! The scholars I recollect in my time — although only a few now remain in the district — were the three Dean boys— George ("Gabble"), Percy and Jim; Elizabeth Ann, George, Bob, Tom and Isabel Cockburn, Mary Ann, George, Martha, Sue, Dick and Jim Marshall, Sarah, Edith, Sam, Janet, Joe, Alattie Osman, Hannah, Bell and Clem Bowen, Martha, Edith and Rollie Ress, Bridgee Partridge, Bill Norman, Nony, Emmy, John Matthews, Alice, Mary, Arthur Ah Fee, Louey de Jersey, Annie Fraser, Andy McRae, Ellison and Sarah Lambert, Steincr, George Hannies, Tilly and Aug, "Joe" Diggs, Rhoda, Tom, Lil, Annie, Emma Bell Curtis, Harriet, George, Steve Powell, Harry ("Miner") Billy Rees, Joe, Dick, Emily Blackney, Jim, Herb and Albert Greenwood, Annie, Kate, Tom, Mary Quinlan, Gcorgina, Jack Mahomet, Ned, Alf. Kelly, Dick, Tup, Billy Burch, Sarah, George, Ellen, Eliza Tanner, Billy, Alice Hearn, Len You, Jim, Louie French. I may have overlooked some.
Inter alia, the hamlet of Avoca Lead, better known locally as The Rookery, has almost entirely disappeared, and can be now classed as in the category of Goldsmith's Deserted Village. I would be pleased to hear from any of the old scholars, also teachers, if still going.— Yours, &c. DICK MARSHALL. "Grand View." Avoca.
OLD VICTORIAN SCHOOLDAYS. (Continued From Page 11.)
Avoca Lead
TO THE EDITOR OF THE AGE.
Sir, — Among the interesting letters of old school days relating to Avoca and district which have appeared In your journal signed by Messrs. Dunstan, Coffey and Jack Redpath, none afforded me greater pleasure than that referring to Avoca Lead school, No. 813, in your issue of 3rd April.
My education having been gained under the regime of teachers enumerated by your correspondent, and a fellow schoolmate of the pupils mentioned, Mr. Marshall's letter gave me added pleasure. Among them were many whose talents reflected credit on their educational mentors, who, incidentally were transferred much too frequently, and to the disadvantage of the scholars. Nevertheless, the percentage at the annual examinations was always of a high standard, and compared favorably with the larger school at Avoca.
By way of digression, it might be recalled that Avoca Lead — or "The Rookery," as it was termed in its hey day—comprised two hotels (Chinese publicans), two butchers' shops (one Chinese) , two grocery houses, a boot maker, the Temperance Hall, an old slab structure in which we attended Sunday school and church service, and also a fairly large Chinese camp. Memory must still endure of the hectic incidents in which Avoca Lead pupils and the Chinese fraternity figured. The pranks of the boys were often the occasion for commotion during school studies, when a "Chinky" would unceremoniously disport his frame through the doorway with excited exclamations of "Whaffor, whaffor!" indicating with an accusing finger the suspected culprit.
His grievance generally was one of stone-throwing or the upsetting of his mining paraphernalia in the sludge pond, or perhaps the common practice of scaling his garden fence. When punishment was meted out by the teacher to the "young lallakins," John Chinaman would depart, feeling highly delighted that he had got a bit of his own back. Thenceforth that Celestial was regarded as the common enemy by the wrongdoers.
The grinding of the Chinaman's windlass and "cradle," the sluice pump and puddling machine; the delving of pick and shovel in the operation of shaft sinking, and the echo of stampers of the Monte Cristo battery made up the environment in which our school days were spent. Subsequently when the writer crossed over to become a "printer's devil" in the Avoca "Mail" office, paths diverged, and roaming proclivities separated me from the scene of my youth and erstwhile school mates. Therefore, in common with the large army of readers who are indebted to "The Age" for the publication of old school-day memories, the popularity of which does not appear to wane, I wish to add my appreciation of the facilities afforded in reviving the spirit of Auld Lang Syne and enabling me to reflect on the days of the past and their happy associations.— Yours, &c„ Tallangatta. ANDY McRAE.
Sir, — Having read Dick Marshall's letter some weeks ago --d having read Andy McCrae's letter re the above school, I feel roused to sending along my quota or reminiscences. I can go back a little further than my old pals, as Mr. Hartshorn was my first teacher, then Mr. Porter, who was dreadfully shocked when Ted Lover threw Jack Mathers into a waterhole for splashing him. He was too big for Mr. Porter to thrash, so he suspended him for six weeks. On one occasion I remember Hannah Wardlaw getting badly burned in the service of the teacher's wife. She was very badly scarred about the face and throat as a result of it. That same teacher, Mr. Porter, showed great sympathy and concern when Badger Greenwood cut the calf of his leg badly on one of the new tree guards at the new school. By the way, Andy, the old school was weatherboard, with a bark roof, not walls of slabs, and was designated "common school." How we kids and others, too, used to fossick the shafts after a mob of sheep had passed through, searching for sheep that had fallen into them. I knew of as many as eight being pulled up out of one shaft, and lots of people had cheap mutton for a few days. I cannot remember whether Andy McRae lived with George Tanner or de Jerseys, but I can remember Geo. Tanner, the bush tailor, who used to wear a straw hat, and had a habit of working it up and down on his forehead to the amazement of the children. I can remember lots of the old schoolmates: — Susan Paul, Alfred Wiles, the Clarkes, Lindsays, Matthews, Partridges, Taylors, one of whom has a letter In Saturday's Issue re Homebush school; the Lamberts. Passows, Deans, Ted Dark. Templetons, Osmans, Bowens, Mahomets, Charlesworths, and many others. Old Domingo, the carpenter-barber, with his white coat and shiny black face, and always smothered in scent. Ah Sun and Ah Moon, the two partners in the store and pub; Ang Gooey, the blacksmith; Chas. Ah Woo, the boot repairer. I must not forget Mr. F. Partridge, who was always good for an apple, pear or fruit of some kind on the strict understanding that we would never "pinch" his fruit. I think we mostly kept faith while he lived, but Mossow's apples and Coxon's plums used to "feel the pinch" occasionally. I also went to school in Avoca when Mr. McAdam was head teacher, and Keenan and Billy Shanklin were under him. We all thought it wonderful when the new Avoca school was built with its belfry in the centre. There were at that school some of the men who have become famous, amongst them being: — Jim Fenton, who was P.M.G. of the Commonwealth and also Acting Prime Minister. Well do I re member the Latches, Tom, Steve and Fred; Mackrells, Hamills, Reeves, Foxes, Whitleys, Whalleys, Chambers, Wiltshires, Wardlaws, Frys, Barbats, Far-rar, Charlie Wolf, Jack O'Farrell, Billy Seymour, Bill Glover, Wilf. Partridge and all the Chamberlains, Millgates, Rees, up the lead and Rees down the load. Long-nosed Bill, Big Bill, Little Jimmy and Little Annie and One-eyed Annie. I'll never forget the Presbyterian parson's boys, who had a habit of firing a royal salute of stones from the big church grounds at passing boys. It always struck me as being very rude for parson's boys. In conclusion, I would like to say I would like to meet any, or the lot, now living, and have a real hearty hand shake, and a good old talk about our school days Au revoir. — Yours. &c..
Alexander Hartshorn (1842-1876): At Avoca lead from 1871 to mid 1872; dismissed for inebriation
John Porter (1843-1925): Taught at Avoca Lead school from 1873 to 1879. Nicknamed “Spesy” because he wore spectacles. Considered harsh and severe with senior pupils. Joseph Burch recalled his concern for injured pupils and his suspension of Ted Lover who had thrown Jack Mathers into a waterhole. John Porter later taught at Homebush.
John Wafford Dempster (1821-1884) : John Dempster Followed Porter. Described by Dick Marshall as a strict disciplinarian or “martinet.” While teaching at Avocal Lead Dempster was dismissed in 1881 for “immoral conduct with a young girl in his employ.”
William Collins MacMahon (1861-1943) : Bill McMahon Assistant teacher (“understudy”) to John Dempster. He was at Avoca Lead school from October 1877 to February 1881.
Charles Forbes (1860-1924) : Remembered by Dick Marshall as having a slight lisp and encouraging pupils with small prizes for good work. Charles Forbes taught at Avoca Lead in 1879 and again in 1881.
Daniel O’Donoghue (1850-1923) : Described as a typical Irishman and as a conscientious and capable teacher, severe when necessary but with a good sense of humour. Well liked by his pupils. He was a teacher at Avoca lead from June 1881 until 1886.
Miss Adeline Salary First female teacher after the male teachers. Remembered as kind and patient. [Unable to identify her in the teacher record books]
Isabella Laing (Strachan) Marsh (1866-1935) : Miss Isabel L. Strahan Highly regarded by Dick Marshall, who considered her one of the best teachers in the Education Department. Praised for her tact, ability and interest in her pupils’ progress. Miss Isabella Strachan taught at Avoca Lead from March to June 1887.
Design for a Victorian school built of wood to accommodate 40 pupils. The school at Avoca lead would probably have been of a similar design. Public Record Office Victoria Photographs Of State School Buildings In Victoria VPRS 1396/P0000, Volume No. 1 image 27
Avoca Lead opened as a common school in 1865. The first head teacher was John R. Matthews and the average number of students was 30. There were 16 boys and 14 girls. Classes were held in a rented building.
The school became a state school about 1874. A new wooden schoolhouse was built in 1875 that was big enough for 60 children. The teacher’s three-roomed house was moved to the new school.
Avoca Lead operated part time with Avoca Creek State School (No. 1471) from 1 January 1889. It shared its only teacher with Avoca Creek and the teacher split their time between both schools.
The walls of the building known as the Avoca Lead Common School not being according to the regulations of the Board of Education in the matter of height, on Friday last, about thirty residents in the neighborhood met at the building, which is situated on the Maryborough-road, and under the skilful superintendence of Messrs Lambert and Chamberlain, lifted the building— which in 30 feet by 20— bodily up two feet. Great speculations were afloat that such would not be accomplished ; but everything passed off without the slightest accident, and the building as it now stands, is a neat and comfortable structure, and the good folks of the Maryborough road have every reason to be pleased that their exertions have been so far crowned with success. After the work was completed, the several storekeepers in the neighbourhood having kindly furnished the neidful, "Success to the School," and to those who volunteered their services, was drunk. The assemblage dispersed after giving three cheers for the Master of the School, Mr Matthews.
A public meeting was held in the Common School building Avoca Lead, on the evening of the 3rd instant, and was numerously attended by the inhabitants of the neighborhood. The Rev E. K. Yeatman was called to the chair, and opened the proceedings by stating that, owing to some malicious accusations having been forwarded to the Central Board of Education by some parties (well known, but unnecessary to name), the present meeting had been convened. The rev gentleman then called upon the parents present to state whether any grounds existed for complaints against the master or committee of the Common School. One and all expressed their entire satisfaction in the management and progress of their children ; and a numerously signed memorial is about being forwarded to the Central Board, expressive of their entire confidence in the management of the school. — Communicated.
To the Editor of the Avoca Mail. Sir, In your issue of the 12th instant, there appeared a paragraph under the heading of "Local Intelligence," with respect to a public meeting that took place on the 3rd, at the building known as the Avoca Lead Common School, in which the writer states that "some malicious accusations having been forwarded to the Central Board of Education, by some parties (well known, but unnecessary to name)." Now, I wish to know why he, the said writer, did not publish the names of those he accuses. The fact is that he has not manhood sufficient, for he knows well that nothing has been said but the truth. But I can tell him, and his backers also, that I shall shortly publish the whole of their proceedings in connection with the Common School from the beginning up to the present time, for the information of all the subscribers, as well as the public, And I wish to ask those who were the most interested in the matter, what became of the proceeds of the "grand concert" in aid of the Common School building. A SUBSCRIBER TO THE SCHOOL. August 17, 1865.
We also observe in the same Gazette a notification to the effect that it is the intention of the Board of Education to grant aid to the School on the Avoca Lead, Roll No. 813.
By an advertisement appearing in another column it will be seen that tenders are required for the erection of wooden schools at Natte Yallock and the Avoca Lead, and at Charlotte Plains. The plans for the Natte Yallock school, which we have seen, provide for a teacher's residence in connection with the school building, and the whole structure and fittings will look remarkably neat, as far as we can judge by the drawings. There are now three school buildings in course of erection in this neighborhood, viz., at Homebush, Lamplough and Number One Creek. In addition to these, tenders have been called for building schools at Moonambel, Natty Yallock and Avoca Lead, and a promise has been given to supply a teacher's residence at Percydale, contingent upon the inspector's report being favorable. When the above works have been completed, we believe the only pressing requirement in the district will be the much needed infants' school at Avoca, and the attention of the department has been directed to this matter for some time past. The results above stated will show that the greatest credit is due to the members of the North and South Riding School Boards and their indefatigable correspondent, Mr Henry Hall, for their active and untiring exertions to have the educational requirements of the district supplied. When the boards of advice were called into existence, less than two years ago, scarcely a district in the colony was in a worse condition than this as regards school accommodation, and it speaks volumes for the usefulness of the boards that so much has been done in the time. In these days, too, of eternal faultfinding with the Government, it should not be omitted to give due credit to the liberality and promptness displayed by the Education Department in supplying to so large an extent, in the face of many difficulties, the requirements of this and other parts of the colony.
From 1851 to 1862 education in Victoria was provided by two separate bodies. The Denominational School Board oversaw state-funded religious schools, while the National School Board (later the Board of Education) provided secular instruction. On the eve of the gold rush there were around 70 denominational schools and just six national schools operating across the colony.
In 1851 when gold was discovered in Victoria many quit their jobs to try their luck on the goldfields. Among those were teachers. In some cases, there were no men left in the schools, and their complete control devolved upon the female teachers. Classes had to be amalgamated and placed under the remaining teachers, who declared that their salaries were most inadequate. In response the salaries of teachers were raised first twenty-five, and later fifty, per cent
In the early days of the goldrush, many children did not attend school regularly. It is estimated that less than a quarter of Victoria’s school-aged children actually attended regular classes in 1851. Education was not compulsory, and children were part of a transient population: they moved with their parents from one gold rush to the next.
There was no time to build traditional school buildings so both school systems turned to a practical, if imperfect, solution: tent schools.
Schools under canvas
By 1852, the National Schools Board had begun commissioning portable school buildings. Its first inspector, William Miller, ordered six tents from a supplier in Richmond. Three were large structures, measuring thirty by twenty feet and capable of accommodating up to one hundred children, each allotted about six square feet per pupil. There was also an order for smaller tents, fourteen by twelve feet, intended as living quarters for teachers.
The tents were made from the “best navy canvas” and fully lined. They were clearly marked on each side with the words “National School”.
The first National School Board tent school was at Forest Creek (now Castlemaine). By September, 1854, there were national schools also at Fryer’s Creek, Campbell’s Creek, View Point, Milkman’s Flat, White Hills, Eureka, Red Hill, Creswick Creek, and Heathcote.
The Denominational School Board followed a similar path. Their tent schools often doubled as places of worship, reflecting the dual role of religion and education in these communities. By 1856, they had established around 50 such schools on the goldfields, with a total attendance of 3,326 pupils, only a fraction of the children who might have attended under more stable conditions.
St Alipius tent school Ballarat (1853) by Eugene Von Guerard. Ballarat Historical Society Collection. Ballarat Gold Museum.
Orlebar’s inspection
Mr. A. B. Orlebar, M.A. was appointed Chief Inspector of the National Schools Board on 9 June 1854. Shortly after his appointment he visited the gold-mining areas and spent five weeks there, examining schools and establishing new ones.
Orlebar was keen to understand not just the state of education, but the shape of life on the fields more broadly. He estimated the population across the districts he visited at around 88,000, of these, roughly 13,000 were women and some 6,000 were children of school age.
He found that the adult population was almost entirely consumed by the pursuit of gold. The diggers, he observed, poured all their physical and mental energy into the search for fortune. With luck playing such a central role, many became fixated on the next promising strike. In that atmosphere, everyday responsibilities, family life, social ties, even religious observance, were often pushed aside. For Orlebar, one of the greatest difficulties lay not simply in building schools, but in persuading men to remember their obligations beyond the gold rush itself and educate their children.
Although tent schools offered a quick solution, their shortcomings soon became obvious. Inside, even basic order was difficult to maintain. Books and slates had no proper storage, and teaching materials were at the mercy of the weather. In strong winds, maps flapped or tore loose; in rain, the ground turned wet and uncomfortable. Light was poor, draughts were constant, and the noise of the canvas made lessons difficult to conduct.
Parents were understandably reluctant to send their children into such conditions. For teachers, the challenges were just as severe.
Orlebar quickly concluded that tent schools were no long-term answer. More substantial buildings, he argued, would not only provide a better learning environment but prove more economical over time. He pointed to early examples already in use—a slab-built school at Eureka and another at Creswick Creek—as evidence that more permanent solutions were both possible and necessary.
He recommended the establishment of fixed schools at key centres, including Heathcote, Bendigo, Castlemaine, Carisbrook, Avoca, Daisy Hill, Creswick, and Ballarat.
Avoca
The experience of Avoca reflects many of these broader patterns. By 1855, the town had two schools, one Methodist, the other Church of England. In 1856 a teacher named George Cook built a school house at his own expense of wood and canvas with a slab front. It was 20 feet by 12 feet by 10 feet. That school was requested to be moved to another goldfield because of the departure of diggers to Dunolly and Mt Ararat goldfields.
More permanent provision followed. In 1857 a school building of 35 feet by 20 feet under the National Board of Education was completed. Over £90 had been collected locally towards the total cost of just over £360. There were 33 children enrolled in 1857. A decade later, attendance had risen to 125, and the building was described as overcrowded, with summer conditions “pestiferous and unwholesome.”
The original building was eventually sold to the Church of England for use as a parish hall, and a new school was completed in 1878, by which time enrolments had reached 250 pupils. That building remains in use today.
Avoca School built 1878
Reform and Results
By the early 1860s, it was clear that Victoria’s divided system of education needed reform. In 1862, the National and Denominational boards were merged to form a single Board of Education, and their schools became known as Common Schools.
A decade later, the landmark Education Act of 1872 transformed schooling in the colony, making education free, secular, and compulsory for children aged 6 to 15. Victoria became the first Australian colony to legislate such sweeping reforms.
The impact was profound. Census data shows a steady rise in literacy among children aged 5 to 15. In 1861, fewer than half could read and write. By 1901, that figure had climbed to 85 per cent, while the proportion unable to read had fallen dramatically.
The following table shows Education of children (ages 5-15) percent at census periods in Victoria:
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
read & write
49%
64%
79%
82%
85%
read only
29%
21%
12%
6%
5%
cannot read
22%
15%
10%
11%
10%
A rough indication of the state of education of children over five and under fifteen years of age is obtained at each Census since 1861 under the three headings, “read and write,” “read only,” and “cannot read.” The graph shows proportions. Figures from Australian Bureau of Statistics Year Book Australia, No. 1, 1908, pages 748-750
Further reading
Sweetman, E., Long, C. R., & Smyth, J. (1922). A history of state education in Victoria / with an introduction by Sir Alexander J. Peacock. Melbourne: C. Parker for the Education Depart. of Victoria. Can be read online through the State Library of Victoria.
Blake, L. J., & Victoria. Education Department. (1973). Vision and realisation : a centenary history of state education in Victoria / general editor: L.J. Blake. Melbourne: Education Dept. of Victoria.
The section on Avoca can be found in volume 2, page 611
Girls who competed in the Red Cross Tennis Tournament.
This sort of thing helps to keep the boys of the State School fit.
Up for lunch, miners of Hogg’s Reef “show” leave the shaft.
Mr Theo Leanord, manager of Hogg’s Reef mine, weighs gold in his office.
A bit of bending by the State School girls.
Present at this monthly meeting of the Girls’ Patriotic Guild are (left to right), Misses Grace Saw (secretary), Mary Chapman (President), Belle Dwyer, Betty Mitchell, Stella Wade, Isla Chapman, Viccie McDonald, Jean McDonald, Helen Storrar and Rene Davies.
At the Bush Nursing Hospital we meet (left to right). Dr. M. C. Davies, Sister J. Fraser and Miss Joyce Yates
Miss Edna Wardlaw watches her brother George shear one of his father’s Corriedale lambs at “Braeside,” Avoca.
Below: Mrs J. J. McDonald (centre left) makes a presentation to the President (Mrs Lew Summers) after her three years of office in the Avoca Golf Club.
Lilian Thomas was thirteen years old and in the upper sixth class. She wrote warmly of the new head teacher, probably Mr Adams, who had established a library for the senior pupils. She had attempted the merit certificate examination but was unable to complete it because she attended her aunt’s wedding. Lilian came from a large family, with sisters Ruby, Vera, Eva, Winnie and Greta, and a brother Howard. She reflected on the recent assassination of U.S. President William McKinley, noting that it was a great tragedy. She also described Avoca in springtime, with wildflowers in bloom and the golden wattles recently finished flowering.
The Death of Present September 23, M'Kinley.-1901. Dear Aunt Connie,-- Some of the other children have written to you, so I am glad I have the opportunity to write you too. I like our new school teacher very much. He takes such an interest in children. He has started a library for the upper classes in school. I went up for my merit certificate a little while ago, but I did not finish the examination, because I stayed ??? to see see my my aunt get married. I have five sisters. Their names are Ruby, Vera, Eva, Winnie and Greta, and one brother, name is Howard. President M'Kinley's death was very sad. It must be a great blow to the people of the United States. This is the third President these anarchists have shot. Avoca is not a very large place, but it is prettily situated amongst the hills. I am thirteen years old. and in the upper sixth class. There are such a lot of pretty wild flowers out now. The golden wattles have just finished flowering. I remain, your new niece, Lilian Thomas, aged 13 years.
Elsie Classen (aged 12)
Elsie Classen‘s household included a dog named Toby, a cat called Bismarck, and a pigeon named Dickie, while her sister Gracie kept a canary. The family owned seventy fowls but collected only twenty-eight eggs a day. Elsie was in the upper fifth class and mentioned that influenza had been widespread (the cemetery register includes two infants who died in Avoca in August 1901 from influenza). She lamented the many school holidays during the year because they had slowed progress with sewing lessons; she was making a pair of stockings for her father. She noted that the headmaster, Mr Butt, was ill and temporarily replaced.
Such a Lot of Holidays--Avoca, September 24th, 1901.--Dear Aunt Connie--We have a dog called "Toby, and a cat called "Bismarck." I have a pigeon and we call it "Dickie." Gracie my sister, has a canary. We have 70 fowls, but only get 28 eggs a day. I went to a tea meeting on Wednesday, and enjoyed myself very much. This is a splendid spring for the crops. My two sisters and I go into the paddocks on Saturday to gather wild flowers. My sister Vera is very fond of the wild flowers. I go to school every day, and I am in the upper fifth class. My sister Gracie is in the second class. The influenza has been very bad up here. This year there has been such a lot of holidays, so that we are not very far on with our sewing. I am making a pair of stockings at school for my father. Avoca is a very small but pretty place. The Avoca river separates Gladstone from Kara Kara. We live just behind the park. Mr Butt, the head master, lives just by us, but he is sick now. We have another head master I remain, your little friend, Elsie Classen. Aged 12 years
Ivy L. Wilkins (aged 10)
Ivy Wilkins was only ten years old but already in sixth class. She proudly reported that she had attended school continuously for nearly six years without missing a single day and had received both a standard certificate and an attendance certificate. Her siblings were Daisy, Lily, Henry, Tabitha and John. She mentioned a recent school party given by the former teacher, Mr Adams, for sixty children before he left. Ivy also referred to the sudden death of a parent of one of her classmates, preventing the child from attending. Her happiest holiday memories were visits to her grandfather’s farm.
Nearly Six Years Without Missing.-Avoca, Feb. 17, 1902. -Dear Aunt Connie, I am now writing to you for the first time, and I hope you will accept me as one of your many nieces. We have begun school again, after four weeks' holiday, which passed pleasantly.We have at present a relieving teacher, Mr Adams. Before breaking up he gave a party to sixty children. I am sorry to say one little girl was unable to come through the sad and sudden death of one of her parents. I have three sisters and two brothers. Their names are Daisy, Lily, Henry, Tabitha, and John. I am ten years old, and in the sixth class. I have attended six years on the 24th of next April, and have not missed one day. I got my standard certificate when I was nine, and have also received my certificate for attendance. We have two pets, a darling wee baby boy, and a little black kitten. We have been taking "The Weekly Times" for nearly 12 months, and I like reading the "Young Folks" page very much. We are to receive our Church of England Sunday school prizes next Friday evening. I ended my holidays at grandfather's farm. It is our greatest delight to go there. I will now conclude with love to all wishing you a prosperous New Year. I remain, your would-be niece — Ivy L. Wilkins.
The Weekly Times “Young Folks” column was not merely a children’s page. Under the guidance of Uncle Ben and Aunt Connie, young readers across Victoria raised money for Melbourne’s Children’s Hospital. Their efforts were so successful that they endowed not one but two hospital cots. The first, “Uncle Ben’s Cot,” was established in 1893 when the children’s subscriptions reached £30. A second cot, “Aunt Connie’s Cot,” was endowed early the following year. Through collecting cards, small donations and regular fundraising, generations of readers helped support sick children in hospital while learning the value of charitable service.
The newspaper regularly reported on the cot and the children it helped. In June 1896 The Weekly Times had a feature article on The Children’s Hospital. The article mentioned the cot, supported by “the subscriptions of gentle-hearted, sympathetic little folks among the readers of this paper,” occupied a corner of the Elizabeth Ward and was continually in use. The article described eight-year-old Alfred Curtis, photographed in the Aunt Connie cot while receiving treatment for severe hip disease.
Aunt Connie’s Cot at The Children’s Hospital OUR ILLUSTRATIONS. (1896, June 6). Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic.), p. 10. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221205442
Children who collected substantial amounts could receive certificates and other recognition. One of the highest honours was admission to the “Legion of Honor,” awarded to particularly successful collectors. The following letters from Ruby May Gledhill (1890-1947)l of Avoca show her enthusiasm for the scheme. Between 1899 and 1900 she raised more than £2 for the Cot, qualifying for a Legion of Honor certificate.
Ruby’s letters also provide glimpses of everyday life in Avoca, including celebrations following the capture of General Cronje during the South African War, family events, school life and Sunday school picnics.
Another Good Collection.-Avoca, 16th November, 1899.-Dear Aunt Connie, -I hope I have not kept my card too long, for I wanted to get it full. I am sending it back with the amount collected, L1 7s 2d. I hope in a short time to be able to collect a little more for the Cot, as mama says it is a good thing to do. Please publish the list of names. Dad is paying for the postal note. With love to Cousins Connie and Florrie, Uncle Ben and yourself, I remain your affectionate niece,-Ruby May Gledhill.
Great Rejoicings. Faraday street, Avoca, 13th March, 1900, Dear Aunt Connie,-- it is a long time since I wrote to you. I was going to write when you and Uncle Ben went away for a holiday, and you said in "The Weekly Times" not to write till after a certain date. I now take great pleasure in writing, and thanking you and the secretary of the Hospital for the nice certificate I received at Christmas. We had a half-holiday at our school the day a wire came to Avoca stating that General Cronje had surrendered. We had such fun. There were flags flying all over Avoca, and we had a Union Jack. too. Is not the war terrible? I wish it were ended. Such a lot of brave men are getting killed; it is very sad. I had an uncle married last Thursday. I was at the wedding, and enjoyed myself very much, and now uncle and aunty have gone to Western Australia for two or three years. He had been away four years over there, and he came home at Christmas to see grandma and granddad, and has been with us ever since then, and now we miss him very much. Dear Aunt Connie,-- Would you send me another collecting card, that I can keep for a little while and collect with it in my spare time. Everything is so dry in this district. Rain is wanted badly. I passed when the inspector came to our school at Christmas, and now I am in the third class. With love to Cousins Connie, Florrie, and Uncle Ben, not forgetting yourself. I remain, your loving niece, Ruby May Gledhill.
The Legion of Honor. Faraday street, Avoca. -Dear Aunt Connie, I am sending back my collecting card, with post office order for the amount, 16s. They are all little amounts, but ever so small I am sure it will be a help for the poor little children. We had our Sunday school picnic on the 9th of November. I won a wire skipping rope and my sister won a Star tea set. I am going to give my cousins a riddle:-
There is a grey goose She is of a large size, And those who would buy her They need to be wise. She has feet in her body And walks upon none, Goes far for her living. And seldom comes home.
Am I entitled to a Legion of Honor Certificate? With love to Cousins Connie and Florrie, I remain your loving niece, Ruby May Gledhill. I am sending 6d in stamps for the Christmas Tree. (As you collected L1 7s 2d on your former card, dear, you are, I am glad to say, entitled to a Legion of Honor card. Aunt Connie.]
